Kramers rules

Media Theorist Jonathan Kramer says "the idea that postmodernism is less a surface style or historical period than an attitude. Kramer goes on to say 16 "characteristics of postmodern music, by which I mean music that is understood in a postmodern manner, or that calls forth postmodern listening strategies, or that provides postmodern listening experiences, or that exhibits postmodern compositional practices."
According to Kramer (Kramer 2002, 16–17), postmodern music":
1. is not simply a repudiation of modernism or its continuation, but has aspects of both a break and an extension
2. is, on some level and in some way, ironic
3. does not respect boundaries between sonorities and procedures of the past and of the present
4. challenges barriers between 'high' and 'low' styles
5. shows disdain for the often unquestioned value of structural unity
6. questions the mutual exclusivity of elitist and populist values
7. avoids totalizing forms (e.g., does not want entire pieces to be tonal or serial or cast in a prescribed formal mold)
8. considers music not as autonomous but as relevant to cultural, social, and political contexts
9. includes quotations of or references to music of many traditions and cultures
10. considers technology not only as a way to preserve and transmit music but also as deeply implicated in the production and essence of music
11. embraces contradictions
12. distrusts binary oppositions
13. includes fragmentation's and discontinuities
14. encompasses pluralism and eclecticism
15. presents multiple meanings and multiple temporalities
16. locates meaning and even structure in listeners, more than in scores, performances, or composers
Aaliyah- are you somebody
In this video the background to the song has a baby gurgling for the background. This is a very unusual background which shows it is postmodern.
these are the rules that I think that this song follows from Kramers model; 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,10,11,12,13,14,16
I think the most important rule that this piece has use is rule 12 because babies gurgling isn't thought of as a sound that you would want to hear but timberland has made it into a catchy sound.

Aaliyah- try again
this song have very unusual back beat compared to normal R'n'B songs. the back beat feels a lot faster and more uncomfortable than normal R'n'B tracks. the singing starts of very slow and the background seems fast so it contradicts each other making it seem postmodern. I think this music followers these rules. 1,2,3,4,5,8,11,12,13,


destiny's child- get on the bus
This song has not only got the sound of birds tweeting but it also has monkeys chattering. This is very postmodern because you don't expect to hear this in any music let alone mainstream music.
I think that this song follows these rules from kramers model
1,2,

Nas & Damian Marley- as we enter
This is postmodern because it is two different genres from different backgrounds. I think the political views these two artists show are very simlar and that is why there song works.
I think this song incorporates these rules into their music.

Pink Floyd- shine on you crazy diamond
This song is postmodern because it completely changes the structure of the normal song because it starts of with a very long introduction and then goes straight into the chorus instead of having a verse then chorus verse and then chorus again